ECG stations assess your ability to systematically interpret electrocardiograms and communicate findings clearly – a critical skill for safe junior doctors in Australian hospitals.

Common AMC ECG Station Formats:

• Pure Interpretation – Analyze ECG, provide diagnosis and management
• ECG + History – Brief clinical context, then interpret ECG
•  Emergency Scenarios – Recognize life-threatening arrhythmias requiring immediate action

Statistical Reality: You’ll likely have 1 ECG stations in most AMC Clinical Exam OSCE exams, with acute coronary syndrome, atrial fibrillation, and heart blocks being the highest probability scenarios.

The AMC isn’t testing whether you’re a cardiologist. They’re assessing whether you can recognize important ECG abnormalities, act safely, and communicate clearly.

Six Core ECG Competencies:

1. Systematic Approach – Can you analyze ECGs methodically, not randomly?
2. Pattern Recognition – Do you identify critical findings accurately?
3. Clinical Correlation – Can you link ECG to clinical presentation?
4. Risk Assessment – Do you recognize life-threatening conditions?
5. Management Priorities – Can you initiate appropriate immediate actions?
6. Clear Communication – Can you explain findings professionally?

Critical Understanding: A systematic approach with reasonable interpretation beats random correct guesses. Examiners mark your process, not just your diagnosis.

ECG interpretation represents one of the most trainable domains in the AMC Clinical Exam.

Why IMGs Should Master ECG Interpretation:

Strategic Reality: Most IMGs fail ECG stations due to disorganized approach, not knowledge gaps. Learn the system, and the marks follow automatically.

At Oyamed, we teach the RRID-QRST-A systematic approach for all AMC OSCE ECG stations – a framework that ensures you never miss critical findings:

R – Rate (15 seconds)

How to Calculate:

Method 1 (Regular Rhythm):

• Count R-R interval in large squares
• 300 ÷ number of large squares = Heart Rate
• Example: R-R = 4 large squares → 300÷4 = 75 bpm

Method 2 (Irregular Rhythm):

• Count number of QRS complexes in 30 large squares (6 seconds)
• Multiply by 10 = Heart Rate

Normal Range: 60-100 bpm

Verbalize:

• “The heart rate is approximately [X] beats per minute”
• “This is bradycardic/normal/tachycardic”

Red Flags:

• <40 bpm → High-degree heart block, sick sinus syndrome
• 150 bpm → SVT, VT, atrial flutter with rapid conduction

R – Rhythm (30 seconds)

Questions to Ask:

1. Is there a P wave before every QRS?
   • Yes → Likely sinus rhythm or atrial rhythm
   • No → Atrial fibrillation, ventricular rhythm, heart block
2. Is the rhythm regular or irregular?
   • Regular → Sinus rhythm, SVT, VT, complete heart block
   • Irregular → AF, multifocal atrial tachycardia, variable heart block
3. Are P waves normal?
   • Upright in leads I, II, aVF → Sinus rhythm
   • Inverted, absent, or multiple → Abnormal atrial activity

Common Rhythms:

• Sinus Rhythm – Regular, P before every QRS, normal P waves
• Atrial Fibrillation – Irregularly irregular, no P waves, fibrillatory baseline
• Atrial Flutter – Sawtooth flutter waves, regular or irregular ventricular response
• Ventricular Tachycardia – Wide QRS, rate >100, regular

Verbalize:

• “The rhythm is sinus rhythm/atrial fibrillation/[specific rhythm]”
• “The rhythm is regular/irregularly irregular”

I – Interval Assessment (30 seconds)

PR Interval (Normal: 120-200ms / 3-5 small squares):

• Short (<120ms): Pre-excitation (WPW), junctional rhythm
• Prolonged (>200ms): First-degree heart block, medications (beta-blockers, digoxin)

QRS Duration (Normal: <120ms / 3 small squares):

• Wide (>120ms): Bundle branch block, ventricular rhythm, hyperkalemia
• RBBB pattern: RSR’ in V1-V2 (M-shaped), wide S in V5-V6
• LBBB pattern: Broad R in V5-V6, deep S in V1-V2

QT Interval (Normal: <440ms in men, <460ms in women):

• Quick estimate: QT should be less than half the R-R interval
• Prolonged QT: Risk of Torsades de Pointes (medications, electrolytes, congenital)
• Shortened QT: Hypercalcemia, digoxin toxicity

Verbalize:

• “The PR interval is normal/prolonged/short”
• “The QRS complex is narrow/broad, suggesting [interpretation]”
• “The QT interval appears normal/prolonged”

D – Deviation (Axis) (20 seconds)

Quick Axis Determination:

Lead I and Lead aVF Method:

• Both positive (upward) → Normal axis (0° to +90°)
• Lead I positive, aVF negative → Left axis deviation (-30° to -90°)
• Lead I negative, aVF positive → Right axis deviation (+90° to +180°)
• Both negative → Extreme axis deviation

Clinical Significance:

• Left Axis Deviation: LBBB, LVH, inferior MI, left anterior fascicular block
• Right Axis Deviation: RVH, PE, lateral MI, left posterior fascicular block, normal in tall/thin patients

Verbalize:

• “The cardiac axis is normal/shows left axis deviation/shows right axis deviation”

Q – Q Waves (15 seconds)

Pathological Q Waves (Suggest Previous MI):

• Depth: >25% of following R wave
• Width: >1mm (1 small square) OR >40ms
• Location determines MI territory:
  • Leads II, III, aVF → Inferior MI
  • Leads V1-V4 → Anterior MI
  • Leads I, aVL, V5-V6 → Lateral MI

Verbalize:

• “There are pathological Q waves in leads [X, Y, Z], suggesting previous [location] myocardial infarction”

R – R Wave Progression & Voltage (30 seconds)

Normal R Wave Progression:

• R wave should grow from V1 to V6
• Transition zone (R=S) usually at V3-V4

Poor R Wave Progression:

• R wave doesn’t grow V1→V4
• Causes: Anterior MI, LVH, LBBB, incorrect lead placement

Voltage Assessment (LVH Criteria):

• Sokolow-Lyon: S in V1 + R in V5 or V6 >35mm
• Cornell: R in aVL >11mm (women) or >15mm (men)
• Associated findings: Left axis deviation, strain pattern (ST depression/T wave inversion in lateral leads)

RVH Criteria:

• Dominant R in V1
• Right axis deviation
• Right atrial enlargement

Verbalize:

• “R wave progression is normal/poor”
• “There are voltage criteria for left/right ventricular hypertrophy”

S – ST Segments (45 seconds) – MOST CRITICAL

ST Elevation (>1mm in limb leads, >2mm in chest leads):

STEMI Patterns:

• Anterior: V1-V4 (LAD territory)
• Inferior: II, III, aVF (RCA or LCx)
• Lateral: I, aVL, V5-V6 (LCx)
• Posterior: Tall R waves V1-V2, ST depression V1-V3 (mirror image)

Other Causes of ST Elevation:

• Early repolarization (young patients, J-point elevation, notching)
• Pericarditis (widespread saddle-shaped ST elevation, PR depression)
• LBBB (expected ST elevation in V1-V3)
• Left ventricular aneurysm (persistent ST elevation post-MI)

ST Depression:

• NSTEMI/Unstable Angina (with clinical context)
• Posterior MI (V1-V3 depression = posterior elevation)
• Digoxin effect (downsloping ST depression)
• LVH strain pattern (lateral leads)
• Reciprocal changes (with ST elevation elsewhere)

Verbalize:

• “There is ST segment elevation in leads [X, Y, Z], consistent with acute [location] myocardial infarction – this requires immediate cardiology consultation and consideration for reperfusion therapy”
• “There is ST segment depression in leads [X], suggesting [interpretation]”

T – T Waves (30 seconds)

T Wave Abnormalities:

Inverted T Waves:

• Ischemia/NSTEMI (dynamic changes)
• Post-MI (may persist long-term)
• PE (V1-V4, with S1Q3T3 pattern)
• LVH strain (lateral leads)
• CNS events (deep, symmetrical inversions)

Hyperacute T Waves:

• Early sign of STEMI (tall, peaked, broad-based)
• Appear before ST elevation
• Immediate action required

Tall Peaked T Waves:

• Hyperkalemia (>6.5 mmol/L)
• Associated with: Widened QRS, flat P waves, sine wave pattern
• Life-threatening – requires urgent treatment

Flattened T Waves:

• Ischemia, hypokalemia, hypothyroidism, non-specific

Verbalize:

• “The T waves are inverted/peaked/flattened in leads [X, Y, Z]”
• “This pattern is consistent with [interpretation]”

A – Additional Features & Clinical Correlation (30 seconds)

Check For:

• Bundle Branch Blocks: RBBB, LBBB patterns
• Heart Blocks: 1st degree, 2nd degree (Mobitz I/II), 3rd degree
• Chamber Enlargement: LVH, RVH, atrial enlargement
• Electrolyte Abnormalities: Hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia
• Medications: Digoxin effect, beta-blocker effect
• Pacemaker: Pacing spikes visible?

Clinical Correlation:

• Link ECG findings to clinical presentation
• Assess urgency of findings
• Determine immediate management

Verbalize:

• “In summary, this ECG shows [main findings]”
• “Given the clinical context, the most likely diagnosis is [X]”
• “Immediate management would include [key actions]”

Master these 15 diagnoses, and you’ve covered 90% of AMC ECG stations:

Tier 1 (Must Know – Appear Most Frequently):

1. Acute STEMI (All Territories)

Recognition:

• ST elevation >1mm (limb) or >2mm (chest leads)
• Territory-specific distribution
• Often with reciprocal ST depression

Immediate Actions:

• Aspirin 300mg
• GTN sublingual
• Morphine for pain
• Oxygen if hypoxic
• Urgent cardiology consult
• Reperfusion therapy (PCI or thrombolysis)

2. Atrial Fibrillation

Recognition:

• Irregularly irregular rhythm
• No visible P waves
• Fibrillatory baseline (best seen V1)
• Variable R-R intervals

Management:

• Rate vs. rhythm control
• Anticoagulation assessment (CHA2DS2-VASc score)
• Identify reversible causes (infection, thyrotoxicosis, alcohol)

3. NSTEMI / Unstable Angina

Recognition:

• ST depression (horizontal or down sloping)
• T wave inversion (dynamic changes)
• Normal or non-specific changes with positive troponin

Management:

• Dual antiplatelet therapy
• Anticoagulation
• Risk stratification
• Early invasive strategy vs. conservative

4. Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)

Recognition:

• QRS >120ms (3 small squares)
• Broad monophasic R wave in V5-V6 (no Q wave)
• Deep S wave in V1-V2
• Discordant ST-T changes

Significance:

• May indicate structural heart disease
• New LBBB with chest pain = STEMI equivalent
• Makes STEMI diagnosis difficult (use Sgarbossa criteria)

5. Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB)

Recognition:

• QRS >120ms
• RSR’ pattern in V1-V2 (M-shaped, “rabbit ears”)
• Wide slurred S in V5-V6

Significance:

• Often benign in isolation
• May indicate RV strain, PE, anterior MI
• Check for associated axis deviation

6. Heart Blocks

First-Degree AV Block:

• PR interval >200ms (5 small squares)
• Every P wave conducted
• Usually benign, monitor

Second-Degree Type I (Mobitz I / Wenckebach):

• Progressive PR lengthening until dropped QRS
• Usually benign, may need monitoring

Second-Degree Type II (Mobitz II):

• Fixed PR interval with sudden dropped QRS complexes
• High risk of progression to complete block
• Consider pacemaker

Third-Degree (Complete) Heart Block:

• No relationship between P waves and QRS
• Atrial and ventricular rates independent
• Requires urgent pacing
• Wide QRS if ventricular escape rhythm

7. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)

Recognition:

• Increased QRS voltage (Sokolow-Lyon, Cornell criteria)
• Left axis deviation
• Strain pattern (ST depression, T inversion in V5-V6, I, aVL)

Clinical Correlation:

• Hypertension (most common)
• Aortic stenosis
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

8. Pericarditis

Recognition:

• Widespread saddle-shaped ST elevation
• PR depression (most specific finding)
• No reciprocal changes
• T wave inversion in later stages

Differentiation from STEMI:

• Diffuse, not territory-specific
• PR depression present
• No loss of R wave voltage

Tier 2 (Common – Know Well):

9. Atrial Flutter

Recognition:

• Sawtooth flutter waves (best in II, III, aVF)
• Regular or irregular ventricular response
• Typical rate: 150 bpm (2:1 block), 100 bpm (3:1), 75 bpm (4:1)

Management:

• Similar to AF (rate/rhythm control, anticoagulation)
• More amenable to ablation therapy

10. Hyperkalemia

Recognition:

• Mild (5.5-6.5): Tall peaked T waves
• Moderate (6.5-7.5): Flattened P waves, prolonged PR
• Severe (>7.5): Widened QRS, sine wave pattern
• Critical (>8.5): Ventricular fibrillation/asystole

Emergency Management:

• Calcium gluconate (cardiac protection)
• Insulin-dextrose (shift K+ intracellular)
• Salbutamol nebulizer
• Calcium resonium/dialysis for removal

11. Pulmonary Embolism

Recognition:

• S1Q3T3 pattern: Deep S in I, Q wave in III, inverted T in III
• Right axis deviation
• Right bundle branch block
• T wave inversion V1-V4 (RV strain)
• Sinus tachycardia (most common finding)

Note: ECG often normal or non-specific in PE – diagnosis is clinical + imaging

12. Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)

Recognition:

• Wide QRS complexes (>120ms)
• Rate >100 bpm (usually 150-250)
• Regular rhythm
• AV dissociation (independent P waves)
• Fusion/capture beats

Immediate Management:

• Unstable (hypotensive, altered, chest pain): Synchronized cardioversion
• Stable: Amiodarone IV, expert help
• Search for reversible causes

13. Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) Syndrome

Recognition:

• Short PR interval (<120ms)
• Delta wave (slurred upstroke of QRS)
• Wide QRS complex
• May have episodes of SVT

Significance:

• Risk of rapid AF conduction → VF
• Avoid AV nodal blockers (digoxin, beta-blockers, CCB) in AF with WPW

Tier 3 (Occasional – Be Aware):

14. Long QT Syndrome

Recognition:

• QT interval >440ms (male) or >460ms (female)
• QT >50% of R-R interval (at normal heart rates)

Causes:

• Congenital (Romano-Ward, Jervell Lange-Nielsen)
• Medications (antiarrhythmics, antipsychotics, antibiotics)
• Electrolytes (hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia)

Significance: Risk of Torsades de Pointes → VF

15. Digoxin Toxicity

Recognition:

• Down sloping ST depression (“Salvador Dali moustache”)
• T wave flattening/inversion
• Shortened QT interval
• Arrhythmias: any rhythm disturbance (bradycardia, heart block, VT)

Management:

• Check digoxin level
• Correct electrolytes (especially K+, Mg2+)

Digoxin-specific antibody if severe

1. Random, Unsystematic Interpretation

The Problem: Jumping straight to diagnosis without systematic analysis.

Why It Costs Marks:

• Examiners can’t assess your clinical reasoning
• You miss key findings
• Shows unsafe practice (pattern recognition without verification)

The Fix:

• ALWAYS use RRID-QRST-A framework
• Verbalize each step out loud
• Even if diagnosis is obvious, demonstrate systematic approach

Reality Check: Systematic candidates who miss the diagnosis often score higher than random guessers who get it right.

2. Not Verbalizing Your Findings

The Problem: Analyzing silently, then stating only the diagnosis.

Why It Costs Marks:

• Examiners mark your process, not just conclusion
• Silent analysis loses 30-40% of available marks
• Doesn’t demonstrate clinical reasoning

The Fix:

• Speak out loud as you go through each step
• “The rate is approximately 85 beats per minute…”
• “I notice ST elevation in leads V2, V3, and V4…”
• “This pattern is consistent with anterior STEMI…”

3. Missing Life-Threatening Findings

The Problem: Focusing on interesting findings but missing critical ones.

Critical Never-Miss Diagnoses:

• STEMI (any territory)
• Ventricular tachycardia
• Complete heart block
• Severe hyperkalaemia
• Wide complex tachycardia

The Fix:

• Prioritize ST segments and rhythm assessment
• Always check for life-threatening before interesting
• State urgency level clearly

Template: “This ECG shows [finding], which is a medical emergency requiring immediate [action].”

4. Over-Interpreting Normal Variants

The Problem: Calling normal variations abnormal.

Common Normal Variants:

• Early repolarization (benign ST elevation in young patients)
• Sinus arrhythmia (normal in young, athletic patients)
• Incomplete RBBB (common, often benign)
• U waves (normal if small)
• T wave inversion in V1-V3 (can be normal in some populations)

The Fix:

• Know the common normal variants
• If uncertain, describe findings neutrally
• Avoid definitive diagnoses of rare conditions

5. Not Linking ECG to Clinical Context

The Problem: Interpreting ECG in isolation without considering the scenario.

Example:

• ECG shows AF with rapid ventricular response
• Clinical context: Post-operative, febrile, tachycardic
• Should mention: “Need to identify and treat underlying cause – sepsis, PE, thyrotoxicosis”

The Fix:

• Always connect ECG findings to clinical presentation
• State immediate management priorities
• Identify reversible causes

8-Minute Station Breakdown:

💡 Pro Tip: If you identify STEMI or VT in first 30 seconds, still complete systematic analysis while stating urgency. Examiners want to see your process.

Print and memorize this checklist:

Before You Start:

• ☐ Check patient details on ECG (correct patient?)
• ☐ Note date and time (old vs. new ECG?)
• ☐ Confirm calibration (10mm = 1mV, 25mm/s speed)

Systematic Analysis (Verbalize Each):

• ☐ Rate: Calculate and state (normal/brady/tachy)
• ☐ Rhythm: Identify (sinus/AF/other), regular vs. irregular
• ☐ Intervals: PR, QRS, QT (normal/abnormal)
• ☐ Axis: Determine (normal/LAD/RAD)
• ☐ Q waves: Present? Pathological? Location?
• ☐ R waves: Progression normal? Voltage criteria for LVH/RVH?
• ☐ ST segments: Elevation? Depression? Location and morphology?
• ☐ T waves: Normal/inverted/peaked/flattened? Location?
• ☐ Additional: BBB? Heart block? Pacing? Electrolyte changes?

Clinical Integration:

• ☐ State primary diagnosis clearly
• ☐ Link to clinical scenario
• ☐ Assess urgency/severity
• ☐ State immediate management priorities
• ☐ Mention investigations/referrals needed

At Oyamed, ECG interpretation is taught through systematic frameworks and deliberate practice:

Our Training Methodology:

•  RRID-QRST-A Framework – Systematic approach for every ECG
•  Top 15 Diagnosis Focus – Master the highest-yield patterns first
• Verbalization Training – Practice thinking aloud systematically
• Pattern Recognition Drills – Rapid identification exercises
• Timed Practice – Build confidence under 8-minute pressure
• Examiner Feedback – Learn exactly how marking criteria are applied
• Spaced Repetition – Review high-yield ECGs until automatic

Student Outcome: You develop confident, systematic ECG interpretation that works under exam pressure and translates to clinical practice.

In Oyamed AMC Clinical Exam mock sessions:

• ECG stations use real AMC-style scenarios
• Examiners assess systematic approach, not just diagnosis
• Immediate feedback on verbalization technique
• Pattern recognition gaps identified early
• Time management skills refined
• Integration with clinical reasoning practiced

Common Discovery: “I could interpret ECGs in the ward, but I was losing marks because I wasn’t verbalizing my systematic approach – examiners couldn’t tell what I was thinking.”

The Difference: Clinical competence ≠ OSCE demonstration. We teach both.

Scenario 1: Chest Pain + ECG

Presentation: 58-year-old male, central chest pain 2 hours, crushing, radiating to jaw

ECG Shows: ST elevation V2-V4, reciprocal depression II, III, aVF

High-Scoring Response: “This ECG shows sinus rhythm at approximately 90 bpm. There is significant ST elevation in the anterior leads V2 through V4, measuring greater than 2mm, with reciprocal ST depression in the inferior leads. This is consistent with acute anterior STEMI, likely LAD occlusion. Given the presentation of chest pain within 2 hours, this patient requires immediate reperfusion therapy. I would give aspirin 300mg, GTN sublingual, morphine for pain control, and urgently contact cardiology for primary PCI. Time is critical – door-to-balloon time should be under 90 minutes.”

Scenario 2: Palpitations + ECG

Presentation: 45-year-old female, palpitations, irregularly irregular pulse

ECG Shows: Irregularly irregular rhythm, no P waves, fibrillatory baseline, rate 130

High-Scoring Response: “This ECG demonstrates atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response of approximately 130 beats per minute. The rhythm is irregularly irregular, there are no discernible P waves, and there’s a fibrillatory baseline best seen in lead V1. For immediate management, I would assess hemodynamic stability – if stable, I’d consider rate control with beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers. I’d also assess stroke risk using CHA2DS2-VASc score to determine anticoagulation needs, and investigate reversible causes such as thyrotoxicosis, infection, or alcohol excess. If the patient is hemodynamically unstable, electrical cardioversion would be indicated.”

Scenario 3: Syncope + ECG

Presentation: 75-year-old male, dizzy, had syncopal episode, bradycardic

ECG Shows: P waves present but no relationship to QRS, atrial rate 85, ventricular rate 35

High-Scoring Response: “This ECG shows complete heart block. There’s AV dissociation – the P waves and QRS complexes are completely independent with no consistent relationship. The atrial rate is approximately 85 bpm, but the ventricular rate is only about 35 bpm with a wide QRS complex, indicating a ventricular escape rhythm. Given the patient’s syncope and profound bradycardia, this is a medical emergency. I would ensure IV access, consider atropine if hemodynamically unstable, and arrange urgent cardiology review for temporary pacing followed by permanent pacemaker insertion.”

What ECG rhythms are most commonly tested in AMC OSCE?

Acute STEMI (all territories), atrial fibrillation, NSTEMI/unstable angina, bundle branch blocks, heart blocks, and left ventricular hypertrophy are the highest-frequency diagnoses. These represent approximately 70-80% of all ECG stations.

Do I need to memorize exact ECG criteria for every diagnosis?

Know the core criteria for the Top 15 diagnoses. For high-yield conditions like STEMI, LVH, and bundle branch blocks, yes – exact criteria matter. For less common findings, a systematic approach with reasonable interpretation is sufficient. Examiners prioritize safe practice over perfect recall.

What if I can’t identify the ECG diagnosis?

Use systematic approach (RRID-QRST-A), describe what you see objectively, state what’s normal and what’s abnormal, and provide a differential diagnosis. A candidate who systematically analyzes and describes findings scores better than one who guesses randomly. Never say “I don’t know” – describe the findings instead.

Should I mention all abnormalities or just the main diagnosis?

Mention the most significant findings first (especially life-threatening), then additional abnormalities if time permits. Quality over quantity – it’s better to thoroughly discuss key findings than superficially list everything. Always prioritize clinical significance.

How important is verbalizing my thought process?

Absolutely critical. Examiners mark your systematic approach and clinical reasoning – they can only assess this if you verbalize. Silent analysis loses 30-50% of available marks regardless of correct diagnosis. Think of it as “showing your working” in a math exam.

Can ECG interpretation skills be improved quickly?

Yes. ECG interpretation is one of the fastest domains to improve with focused practice. Using a systematic framework, most IMGs can significantly improve pattern recognition within 2-3 weeks of daily practice (30 minutes per day reviewing 5-10 ECGs).

What if the ECG shows multiple abnormalities?

Address findings in order of clinical urgency: life-threatening first (STEMI, VT, complete heart block), then significant chronic findings (LVH, old MI), then minor findings if time permits. State “There are multiple findings here…” and prioritize systematically.

Should I use the ECG ruler provided in the station?

Use it if needed to accurately measure intervals, but don’t waste time measuring everything precisely. Quick estimation is usually sufficient. Reserve ruler for borderline cases where exact measurement changes management (e.g., QT interval, PR interval).

Daily Practice Strategy:

Week 1-2: Foundation

• Review RRID-QRST-A framework daily
• Practice normal ECGs (recognize what normal looks like)
• Master the Big 3: STEMI, AF, NSTEMI

Week 3-4: Expansion

• Add bundle branch blocks
• Master heart blocks
• Learn LVH criteria

Week 5-6: Integration

• Practice mixed cases
• Timed interpretation (2-3 minutes per ECG)
• Focus on verbalization

Week 7-8: Refinement

• Difficult cases and variants
• Integration with clinical scenarios
• Mock OSCE practice

Daily Commitment: 30 minutes = 5-10 ECGs reviewed systematically

The Four-Domain ECG Success Strategy

Combine ECG mastery with complementary domains:

1. ECG Interpretation (1 station per exam)
2. Physical Examination (3-4 stations per exam)
3. Counselling (2 stations per exam)
4. Procedural Skills (1-2 stations per exam)

Combined Impact: These four trainable domains provide 7-10 stations with systematic, predictable mark allocation.

Strategic Advantage: While unprepared candidates stress over random clinical cases, you’re systematically banking marks in high-yield, trainable domains.